Essay about Abstinence-Only Based Curricula in Public...

The foundation of the abstinence-only policy was laid in 1981 under President Regan when the United States Congress passed the Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA) administered by the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs (OAPP) (Denny, 2006). The main purpose of this this proposal was to keep sexual relationships until marriage (Weaver, 2005). The AFLA became founded on the belief of funding and developing abstinence-only based curricula in public schools throughout the United States (Weaver, 2005). Federal funding for abstinence-only programs in public schools was provided by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PL 104-193), also known as the Welfare Reform Act of 1995 (Wiley, 2002). PL 104-193†¦show more content†¦If the topic has not been studied in the past, cite and discuss--by topic--how related studies were conducted. The role of educating students about the importance of healthy sexual relationships has fallen hard and fast on public schools. School aged boys and girls are not receiving information from their parents on what decisions they should make in regards to sex. Parents are finding this topic of conversation too taboo to breach and as a result, students are getting what little information they are receiving from school. Less then half of school aged adolescents talk to their parents about sex and abstinence (Smith, 2005). The philosophy behind abstinence-only policy implies that the greatest risk of informing students about their options for contraception would be that educators are condoning premarital sex. The risks that our students are already taking, however, are greater then policymakers are considering. It is generally accepted that the majority of sexual intercourse among young people remains unprotected (Westwood, 2006). Abstinence-only curriculum is not preventing adol escents from having sex; it is just making them naà ¯ve to the risks they are taking with their lifestyle choices. There is a continuing increase in the rates of sexually transmitted infections, particularly in people ages 15-25 (Westwood, 2006). Twelve million new cases ofShow MoreRelatedShould Sex Education Be Taught? Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesAs a health science teacher, my educational philosophy is to provide my students with an inclusive, evidence-based approach in addressing sex education in my classroom. The state-mandated teaching standards promoting a biased, abstinence-only program, however, do little to communicate reliable and inclusive information about sexuality. Texas provisions and education codes relating to sex education should sustain amendments that fully address the sexual health needs of every student, regardless ofRead MoreShould Sex Education Be A Part Of The Necessary Curriculum?1321 Words   |  6 Pagesthat is frequently discussed. Issues with parents communicating to their children the risks can lead to teenagers seeking out a third party for information. If sc hools are permitted to teach sex education, they can provide standardized, credible and factual answers to students. Comprehensive sex education varies from the typical abstinence-only education. According to the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), â€Å"[c]omprehensive sex education includes age-appropriateRead MoreSex Education And The Early 19th Century1204 Words   |  5 Pagesactivity, sexual reproduction, age of consent, reproductive health, reproductive rights, safe sex, birth control, and abstinence. Sex education that covers all of these aspects is known as comprehensive sex education as opposed to the abstinence only education that only promotes abstinence. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers, formal school programs, and public health campaigns. Traditionally, adolescents in many cultures were not given any information on sexual matters, withRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Taught?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Teaching only about abstinence is like teaching ‘a driver s education course in which teachers show students grisly photos of traffic accidents but never tell them to stop at red lights or buckle their seat belts’ (Wagle). Sex education is often a hot topic of debate within the States, where high school teens often receive some form of sexual education. However, the quality of this information varies from state to state and even district to district. Although there are many different definitionsRead MoreTeaching Teenagers about Sex in Schools Essay1805 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction As millions of teens are heading back to school, they are going to be learning the same old stuff, the usual studies include-history, math, science. But many students and parent’s surprise, there will be an extra class included in the curricula: Sex Education. In most public schools, there is some form of teaching of sex education. However, there is an even bigger question that is arising. â€Å"What kind of sex education are our children getting and is it enough to helpRead MoreThe Adolescent Family Life Act ( Afla ) Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagescame the Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage program, which was created in 1996 as part of the welfare reform legislation. Finally, the Community-Based Abstinence Education (CBAE), was created in 2000. Now, for over three decades, people are still debating whether the original approach of teaching abstinence should be kept or if schools should go into further detail in teaching how to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases and infections. I believe that all schools should teach anRead MoreAbstinence Only Sexual Education Vs. Inclusive Sex Education Essay2399 Words   |  10 PagesAbstinence-Only Sexual Education vs. Inclusive Sexual Education In 1981, the Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA) was signed into law by President Reagan. Through the act, the federal government first invested in sexual education programs, all of which encouraged â€Å"chastity and self-discipline.† After this came the Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage program, which was created in 1996 as part of the welfare reform legislation. Finally, the Community-Based Abstinence Education (CBAE), was created inRead MoreThe Case For Rights Education1665 Words   |  7 Pagescom/entry/the-case-for-rights-education-alongside-sex-education_us_578d282de4b0d4229484d76d. Accessed 21 Nov. 2016. In â€Å"The Case for Rights Education Alongside Sex Education†, Seth Abramson states that the reason sex education is present in the majority of all American schools is because sex matters. He makes an in-depth point about knowing how to handle oneself during sexual or assault encounters. Abramson supports his point of ‘’sex matters’’ by outlining that lack of age appropriate sexual education has proven to causeRead MoreThe Debate For Comprehensive Sex Education1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is wide spread support for abstinence-only education. A majority of states require that abstinence-only education be the only form of sexual health education provided, or requires that abstinence be stressed above other forms of sexual education. These highly stressed abstinence-only programs are under fire as research comes out against the efficiency of these programs, and as new forms of sexual health education appear. These new programs teach that abstine nce is the best method for avoidingRead MoreSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy,1600 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy, particularly in reference to which approach should be taken, what topics should be raised and at what age children should be begin to learn about sexual development and sexuality. Previously, sex education has focused on the biological development of humans however in recent years programs have shifted towards integration of sexuality and sexual health promotion in response to sexual development within

College Is Worth The Investment - 1322 Words

From birth to death, from day to dawn, children are always told that the absolutely must attend college. Without a degree, they may as well throw their entire life away; no job, no salary, no family—only poverty and misery. Many take this advice to heart, and spend countless amounts of dollars, time, and effort on obtaining their diploma. However, many find themselves in a rut—they have graduated their post-secondary school, but now they cannot obtain a job! Regrettably, this exact situation happens to several thousands of individuals every year. As a result, people often find themselves debating on whether or not college is valuable enough to pour hundreds of dollars into. College is worth the investment if one enters the program with the right experience, finances, and connections to make the most of it. To begin, it takes two-to-eight years to earn a degree, which could be better spent learning valuable work experience and making money. While taking a gap year or a small break from academic work, one may be able to try out various career paths. A gap year enables one to narrow down what field they would like to focus the rest of their careers on (Young People in Debt). Once a field of interest is discovered, a young adult can further explore said field and come to understand just what requirements they must meet in order to obtain this job. Once one realizes what exactly they must do, they can begin focusing their studies on attaining the necessary skills in order toShow MoreRelatedAre Colleges Worth the Price of Admission? Essay examples979 Words   |  4 PagesAre Colleges Worth the Price of Admission? When it comes to the topic of attending college, most of us will readily agree that obtaining a higher education is important. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of paying for it. Whereas some are convinced that tuition is too high, others maintain that it is important no matter the cost. Andrew Hacker and Claudia Dreifus address just such an issue in their essay â€Å"Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission†. Hacker and DreifusRead MoreThe Importance of College Education1366 Words   |  6 PagesCollege. It is the seven-letter word that almost every child will hear thousands of times while they are growing up. They constantly are bombarded by the idea that they must go to college if they want to be successful. However, what if this is a false statement. What if college isn’t as great as everyone makes it out to seem. Well, these days some people believe that young people are better off, not going to college. Over the years the econom y around the world has changed. It has prospered, and itRead MoreCollege Education Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesIs College Still Worth it ? Since their childrens infancy parents have always encouraged their children to go to college and become a professional. But in this new age economic crisis, is college really worth it? Tuition costs are rising to a criminally high price has everyone arguing. Is college really a good investment? Well in a very short way, yes it is. An investment that makes you 500,000 to a million dollar lifetime payout is uncomparable. In the end, today an average college graduate willRead MoreWith Tuition Costs at an all Time High, Is College Really Worth It?872 Words   |  4 Pagesinfancy, parents are always encouraging their children to go to college and become a professional. But in this new age economic crisis, is college really worth it? Tuition costs are rising to a criminally high price have everyone arguing. Is college really a good investment? Well in a very short way, Yes it is. An investment that makes you 500,000 to a million dollar lifetime payout is uncomparable. In the end, today an average college graduate will make far more over the course of his or her lifeRead MoreThe Value Of A College Education928 Words   |  4 PagesI will discuss what the value of a college education means to me. A higher education will give me many physical benefits such as economic stability, a better quality of life for my family, more career choices, better job security, set a good example for my children at the same time, a college education will also give me many intangible benefits such as boosting my self-confidence, helping me to learn specialized knowledge, thinking critically, bringing me in contact with different people, learningRead MoreMaking A Decision For A Higher Education Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesMaking a decision for a higher education can be challenging.   But, understanding the ROR (return on investment) can be an influencing factor to a good decision in pursuing a higher education.   An economic evaluation displays an ROI (return on investment) for an analysis.   An economic evaluation that broadly considers how to optimize the production of particular outcomes within budgetary constraints, given certain inputs, can guide such choices (Hummel-Rossi Ashdown, 2002).   However, there mustRead MoreWhat College Is Really Worth?1180 Words   |  5 PagesWhat College is Really Worth? Today, when someone graduates from high school, it is pretty much expected that they will go to college. In fact, there is more of an emphasis on college education in America today than any other time in history. However, it is also the most expensive time in history to attend college, and with student debt now approaching one trillion dollars and tuition continuing to rise, it leaves the question (Owen and Sawhill 212). What is college truly worth anyway? Nowadays,Read MoreCollege Education Is Worth The Cost Of College926 Words   |  4 Pagesidea that they will go to college. However, few individuals take the time to think about the essence of a college education. For some people college education is worth it whiles for others it may not be worth the cost. General assumption of not making it to college and still making it in life has now become a wise saying for desperate people who have decided to chase money but not a career. A recent study emphasized that one can eventually make it without going to college but how many people do makeRead MoreIs A College Education Worth It?1443 Words   |  6 PagesOne 23 March 2016 Is a College Education Worth It? Is the American dream just a dream?The worth of a college education is arguably one of the most controversial topics in the country. Over the years, the American education system seems to emphasize and underline the importance of college education. The reality of the situation is that a college education can be appreciated through looking at the statistical numbers of people that have enrolled in to college education. A college education is valued becauseRead MoreIs College Cost Too Much?938 Words   |  4 Pagesthat â€Å"you have to go to college† and â€Å"stay in school†, but is it worth it? It seems that society in a way pressures everyone to get a college degree like it’s the right thing to do and there’s no other option. The question that goes around is, does college cost too much? Well college is what an individual makes of it and depending on the circumstances, it can be worth it, but, can also not be. Before addressing the situation, there is the question of why people go to college. According to Caroline

Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh Free Essays

string(117) " on earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystem, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it\." Shipbreaking Activities in Bangladesh and collision of Marine Biodiversity Prabal Barua Associate Program Officer YPSA The marine environment of the coastal water is vital to mankind on a global as well as on local basis concerning energy. Man is becoming a dominant part of the ecosystem in many regions, due to his various uses of the marine environment. So the health of marine ecosystem is an important factor in man own existence. We will write a custom essay sample on Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Bay of Bengal which is a potential bode of marine life as well as for it’s vast coastal communities is now continually polluted by different types of pollutant through influx of land base and other sources and put an alarming signal of awareness about pollution in the sea. The coastal areas of Chittagong Support a complex trophic organization sustain a high biodiversity including some endemic species and are highly susceptible to interference from activities. Coastal ecosystem makes a sustainable livelihood particularly to coastal fishing communities. Ship breaking yards along the coast of Chittagong (Faujdarhat to Kumira) has become a paramount importance in the macro-and micro-economic context of poverty- stricken Bangladesh. Shipbreaking activities present both challenge and opportunity for coastal zone management in holistic manner. The history of ship breaking is as nearly old as shipbuilding. As we know that a ship is relatively a large vessel capable of operating in the deep ocean. The term ‘vessels’ applies to the vessels of over 5000 tons and that can navigate in open seas. In Bangladesh ship breaking is popularly known as ‘Beaching’. Ship breaking started as a business in Bangladesh in 1972. Prior to that, 2/3 ships were scrapped during Pakistan period. It started automatically when a 20000 DWT vessel was drive ashore by the devastating tidal bore of 1965. That was the first ship scrapped on the 2 Chittagong sea beach. At present, ship breaking is conducted in an area of about 10 km by 32 out of 110 ship Breaking yards from Bhatiari, Sonaichhari, kumira under the Sitakunda upazilla of Chittagong. The Department of Environment (DoE) has categorized the Ship Breaking Industry (SBI) as ‘Red’ in 1995(EIA guidelines for the Industries, 1997). The Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is not conducted before the establishment of SBI. As there is no monitoring cell, the Shipyard owners are operating their business overwhelmingly as well as indiscriminately. They are less conscious about hazards, toxicity and environmental pollution whereas more conscious about their benefit. Wastes of the scrapped ships are discharged directly into its adjacent areas which are ultimately draining into the Bay of Bengal. These wastes especially oil and oily substances, PCBs, TBTs, PAHs etc. and different types of trace and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg) are being accumulated into the marine biota. As a result, marine fisheries diversity of the Chittagong coast that supports highly diversified marine water fishes, mollusks and benthic organisms etc. is at the stake right at this moment. Moreover the Coastal inhabitants/fisher folks lead not only their livelihoods but also solely depend on the coastal resources for their protein source. The CPUE (Catch Per Unit effort) has drastically been reduced to more than half comparatively of a few decades ago. As a consequence, the coastal fisher folks are at the stake of their existence. They are either leaving their hereditary profession or migrating to other places and becoming ‘environmental refugees’. That is why their socio-economic status is below the poverty level. There are few studies was done to find out the linkage between Ship breaking activity (SBA) and the marine pollution, impact on fisheries biodiversity and livelihoods of the fishermen community. In those researches, investigators considered Bhatiary to Kumira as affected area and Sandwip Island as control area from the shipbreaking activity. The eastern side of Sandwip has been considered as control site because these are diagonally opposite and off the SBYs and the water and soil qualities are apparently free from pollutants as revealed from the earlier studies. From the previous analysis we found that trace metals concentration in sediments at shipbreaking area are so much higher than recommendation by GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution). But the researchers found that Sandwip which is significantly very lower than that of sediments at affected area. The values of Lead (Pb), Cadmium(Cd) and Mercury(Hg) found six and half; eight and half and ninety four times higher than that of certified values respectively. These could be attributed to the combined effects of oil and oil spillage, petroleum hydrocarbons from ships, tankers, mechanized boats etc. During the investigation all the researcher found water qualities such as Hydrogen Ion H Concentration (p ), Dissolve Oxygen (D. O), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B. O. D), Chemical Oxygen Demand (C. O. D), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Oil and Ammonia (NH3) were concentrated as a higher value in affected area than control area according to the standard value of water quality for the coastal water of Bangladesh (EQS, 1991). All the parameters observed such a higher that they exceeded the value of EQS. But the water parameters in Sandwip channel were optimum and near to the value of EQS standard. Water qualities in affected area exceeded the EQS standard which reveals that the water body of the adjacent area of ship breaking yards is not suitable for the existence of flora and fauna. The higher concentration was due to the discharge of various refuse oils and oily substances, dyes, chemicals, iron pieces, various types of metal rusts, solids, dyes, erosion of soil dust etc. from the ship breaking yards. Pollutants are also discharged from the Sitakunda industrial area into the run-off open to the Bay. Impact of Marine Biodiversity: Biodiversity, which is sort for biological diversity, is the term used to describe the whole variety of life on earth. In popular usage, the word biodiversity is often used to describe all the species living in a particular area. Biodiversity can be summarized as â€Å"Life on earth. † It is defined as â€Å" The varieties of life on earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystem, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it. You read "Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh" in category "Essay examples" † The total biodiversity of an area can be broken down into two hierarchical components: the number of functional types of organisms (animals and plants) or ecosystems (forest, prairie, tundra and marine intertidal) and the number of functionally equivalent organisms within each functional type. There are three types of aspects to biodiversity: species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. All three interact and change over time and from place to place. Phytoplankton is the primary food producers of the aquatic habitat and plays an important role in the food chain. Phytoplankton is the best index of the biological productivity. Analysis of phytoplankton showed that during monsoon, Aanabaena , Clostratrum(10. 98%) and Coscinodiscus(21. 97%), Euglena (9. 89%) and Zygnema (30. 76%) and during post monsoon Coscinodiscus (97. 5%) and Euglena (2. 5%) dominated in the affected site. In the control site of Sandwip, these were dominated as 30. 41%, 19. 46%; 17. 03%; 9. 73%; 23. 35% in the monsoon and 94. 73% and 5. 26% respectively in the post monsoon. Throughout the study period the abundance of phytoplankton at affected site was 91 cells/ l in monsoon season and 80 cells/ l in post monsoon season and in control site it was 411 cells/l in monsoon season and 190 cells / l in post monsoon season. Drifting small floating animals, in the water body are collectively known as zooplankton on which the whole aquatic life depends directly or indirectly. As zooplankton is very sensitive to optimum condition, so the coastal pollution due to ship breaking activities may have profound affects on its survival and occurrence. Analysis of zooplankton showed that Calanoida, Cyclopedia, Sagitta, Lucifer etc in the monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp; Lucifer and Zoea in the post monsoon were dominated in the affected site as revealed during zooplankton analysis whereas in the control site the dominant zooplankton were found as Calanoida, Cylpclpedia, Sagitta and Zoea during the post monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp, Lucifer, Cladocera and Zoea in the post monsoon respectively. The bottom living organisms –the benthos play an important role in the food chain especially in the inter tidal zone and it is also well recognized that the richest fisheries of the world are closely related to the benthic communities. Among the macro benthos, Amphipods, Polychaetes, Nemertina and Fish egg in the monsoon and Nemertina, Cladocera, Cyclopoida and Calanoida were found to be dominated at the affected site. But at the control site, Amphipod, Polychaete, Nemertina, Fish egg during the monsoon and Cladocera, Nemertina , Calanoida and Polychaete in the post monsoon were dominated So, the abundance of macro benthos in affected site was 118. 46 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 4186. 74 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season, while in in the control site 368. 28 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 14204. 41 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season. The fishery resources of the area seems to be affected by the ship breaking activities as revealed by increased fishing efforts, reduced species diversity, increased amount of trash fish. Horizontal expansion of the ship breaking yards has posed threat not only to the diversified coastal resources but also on the adjacent coastal inhabitants specially the fisher folks. The fishing hamlets of this study were found backward in the field of primary education and health that are the basic needs for them. Communication and drinking water supply were observed satisfactory but the sanitation status was found to be very poor. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) study showed that about 90% of them were local and full time fishermen and 10% were migratory of different districts including Bhola, Barisal, Mymensingh and others. The fisher folks are dissatisfied with different NGO activities working in this area. No government aid was found to be available for the welfare of fishermen communities. The catch has declined in the tune of at least 50 to 60% of what was two decades ago. This incident has got serious implication in the context of survival of such a disgraced community. It was found that about 70% of the fishermen had either nets or boats or both of them. They use both mechanized and non-mechanized boats and some traditional fishing crafts (Dinghi) for fishing. Among the fishing nets Set Beg Net (Behundi Jal) and Gill Net (Ilish Jal) were found to be widely used. Though the gears are available for fishing, they can catch a very little amount in every effort. They uniquely reported that the fish catch had been reduced more than half of the previous time. Analysis of catch composition indicates that some commercially important fishes like Indian salmon (Polynemus indicus) commonly known as Lakhua, grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) known as bole coral; Long jew fish (Otolithoides brunneus) locally known as lombu fish; spanish mackerel (Cybium guttatum) known as maitta and butter fish (Psenes indicus) etc are in endangered position. Some other commercially important fishes like River shad (Tenualusa ilisha) Jwelled shad (Ilisha filigera) locally known as choikka; mud skipper (Gobies); mango fish (Polynemus paradysius) known as ‘Hriska Machh’; silver pomfret (Stromateus chinensis); bombay duck (Herpodon nehereus); mullet ( Mugil cephalus); Sea bass (Lates calcarifer); Anchovy(Coilia dussumeri; Coilia ramkorati; Setipinna taty) etc are reduced in catch. Many coastal fishermen are leaving their hereditary profession and moving around everyday as ‘environmental refugees’ from a state of unemployed and poverty to underemployment and grim poverty. Due to the deterioration of the water body, fishes are moving away from this area into the deep sea. But the poor fishermen with small fishing boats can hardly fish at deep seas the creditors and swindlers are taking this chances and rush to lend money and thus make them run into debt. The fishermen also reported that while they catch fish at sea they face piracy. They also face the muscle man, middle man and swindlers when they return with fewer amounts of fish.. These criminals snatch away the fishes forcefully. The fishermen are exploited by the dealers in dadon (earnest money). It is made obligatory that the middleman determines the price of fish in the season of fish. They are to sell fish to the lenders at a nominal or throwaway price. The middlemen indulge in maintaining miscreants to exercise their authority over them. Before the season of fish they borrow 4/5 thousand Taka from the dadonders (Buyers cum earnest money lenders) to repair the boat which lead them run into debt. Generally the months of MarchApril-May (Falgoon-Chaitra-Baishakh) are the â€Å"season of scarcity† as reported by the fishermen during PRA survey. At this time they require at least Tk. 4000/5000 to repair their boats, nets and for other incidental expenses. Most of the fishermen opined that Ship Breaking Activity (SBA) creates problems to them and the rest did not respond. Besides, 90% of the villagers of the vicinity were anxious about their existence in future. Their nets for the catching fish become stuck with oil and impurities. They suffer from respiratory difficulties, sonic booms, explosions, lightning, fumes, toxic chemicals and skin diseases. It is clear from the sociological study that coastal fish species diversity has been reduced due to the ship breaking activities. The fishermen’s hereditary profession is now at the vulnerable position due to the Ship Breaking Activity (SBA); less access to credit etc. But the most interesting thing is that they are not conscious about their rights and deprivation. The increasing SBA is depleting the fishery resources which simultaneously decreasing catch per unit effort (CPUE). So this trend is provoking the fisher folks to change their livelihoods for what they never feel comfort and safe. Land grabbing by the yard owners also occurs sometime. Expansion of the yard shrinks the area of the fishing villages. They have to leave their space with a very nominal price. They have rights over only 200 feet of the seashore where they dry nets and anchor boats. Erosion of the village by sea wave action threatened the fishing village’s decade after decade. It started in sixties and nearly half a kilometer of the village has disappeared into the sea. Now at least 20,000 people engaged in catching fish are at the stake of their existence. Bangladesh is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992 and the Biosafety Protocol. Bangladesh is also a party to the Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild fauna and Flora (CITES). Bangladesh has a Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 (ordinance No XXXV) and under this ordinance government may declare any area of Bangladesh fisheries waters and any adjacent or surrounding land to be a marine reserve (Part VII). So, if government will declare Sandwip channel and its adjacent area as a marine reserve area for fisheries biodiversity it will be. Besides, there are many laws, rules and polices in Bangladesh to conserve marine biodiversity such as The territorial water and maritime zones act (1974) and rules (1977), The forest act (1917), Environment Conservation Act (1995), Protection and Conservation of Fish rules (1985), national fish policy (1996), the water policy (1999), the environment policy (1992). If we conserve our diversify marine biodiversity it will be urgent need to establish environment friendly Shipbreaking activity in Bangladesh. Related article: Padma Bridge How to cite Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh, Essay examples

Life Expectancy Issues Among Indigenous Communities In Australia

Question: Discuss about the Indigenous Authored Literature Review On Exploring The Life Expectancy Issues Among Indigenous Communities In Australia. Answer: Literature review The literature review intends to elaborate a certain issue in relation to a relative interesting area that would help in exploring the unattended information so far. In accordance with the report from the national indigenous reform agreement, 8 out 10 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander are suffering from low life expectancy in the current scenario (Griffiths, 2013). In Australian, the life expectancy surveys are being conducted in Australia in every 5 years in order to accumulate information regarding the frequency of occurrence of the issue. Here the study would be addressing the issues of life expectancy among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders culture and diversity and how it has been treated since the outburst of the issues would also be attended (Coleman et al. 2015). Through evaluating three of the articles by the indigenous writer, the issue could better be explained and understood at the same time. It has evidently been realised that there is a humongous gap between the indigenous and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander on the basis of life expectancy. In the article named Closing the Gaps: competing estimates of Indigenous Australian life expectancy in the scientific literature by (Coleman et al. 2015) has exhibited the gap between life expectancy of the indigenous such as Aboriginal Islanders and Australian people which have been calculated through many methods in the past few years. The article explains the inequality in the health aspects of the Australian people and the indigenous and a well-documented evaluation of the facts could also be gained in this regard. In a comparative manner, the difference between the life expectancy issues and reasons behind it could be stated in terms of morbidity, disability and mortality in the life course of the indigenous people and along with this, international injury, uneven practices of hospitalisation for mental illness, renal dise ase and so on, have greater influence upon the indigenous Australian (Doyle et al. 2015). In Australia, the aspects of life expectancy aspects are calculated and explaining order to manifest the difference between health equality and circumstances that encourage such issues to arise (Rosenstock et al. 2013). The article has evaluated the course of explaining life expectancy among indigenous people in Australia through adopting certain methods such as assess the peer reviewed publication that has conducted the calculation regarding life expectancy among indigenous people in Australia between 2007-2012. The results were presented in term five age section of the population such as 20 years, 17 years, 15 -20 years and 11.5 years in males, whereas the females suffering the life expectancy issues has been realised within the age group of 9.7 years in comparison to the Australian people (Esler, et al. 2015). Thus, in relation to this article a concluding note could be incorporated that tho ugh the outcomes of the survey has not been revealed to the stakeholders but it is evident that the agreement based on the gap magnitude should be presented to the stakeholders in order to reduce the issues related to o life expectancy among indigenous people n Australia. In relation to the second indigenous authored article called Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend reporting it is also realised that the author has shaded light upon the life expectancy evaluation and its exploration on the basis of survey results. Hence, it is manifested within the article that the methodology regarding the evaluation of the life expectancy has changed in the past several years and new methodology has been introduced in 2013 (Calma, 2010). The study mainly concentrated upon the ways in which the aspects of life expectancy has been explored and how often these are effective in delivering acute information regarding the rate of life expectancy issues among a male and female population of the indigenous people in Australia (Karlsson, 2013). One of the main programmes were generated between 2012 to 2014 called closing the gap programme which aimed at reducing or diminishing the gap between the life expectancy rates of aboriginal isla nders and the Australian people. The third article named Hypertension: high prevalence and a positive association with obesity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth in far north Queensland in this regard have also manifested different facets of the issues related to life expectancy. The study has directed the attention towards another important aspect of Australia that showcased instead of the good name at the word bank, there is still inequality persist regarding health issues among the Australian population (Schluter et al. 2016). The two indigenous populations in Australia, which are Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders, are facing inequality in education, income and health reacted issues in their daily course of life. In accordance with the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey report conducted in 2008 it is realised that the gross income of the indigenous communities in Australia is also most equal to the US$14,020 and in the remote areas of Australia 28% of the popul ation is running out of financial assets needed for basic living (Yap and Biddle, 2010). The life expectancy aspects are below 10 to 12 years of the other Australian population and the main reason behind be could be stated in terms of familial separation, colonisation, racism underpins the current disadvantages for the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia (Graham et al. 2017). The article has argued that along with the pre mentioned the reason the cardiovascular and renal disease which has influenced the young adults in the Australian. The results have manifested in terms of the sources of the illness including hyper tension, obesity and lack of proper nutrition among children basically. Thus, a conclusion in relation to the study could be inserted in terms of the fact that the young adults of the indigenous communities specifically in the remote living areas are at great risk due to renal disease and cardiovascular issues. A suggestive note has been recorded i n relation to the preventive action could have been considered in order to prevent the influential impact of the diseases or the inequality on the future generation in those aboriginal communities. Hence, from the above evaluation of the three indigenous authored articles, it has been realised that the indigenous population in Australia has been facing difficulties in many forms in the course of their life (Sanders, 2013). Though the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders have witnessed inequalities in the form of education, income and health, here the issues related to life expectancy have been evaluated. From the comparative discussion, it could be realised that the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders people are devoid of the basic requirements and necessity in the course of living and in relation to the health issues the problem related to life expectancy has been highlighted among the indigenous communities. Thus, an evident gap has been realised between the health related problem and treating those problems among the indigenous people and the Australian population (Ritchie, 2010). On the other hand, it could be said that the articles have evidently extract ed he main reason behind the issues in the respective communities in a critical manner. The indigenous communities are below the standard of income, education and health in comparison to other Australian population. The indigenous population living in remote areas are subjected to witness the cruellest side of inequality in terms of financial instability which has great influence upon the daily course of life (Schluter et al. 2016). The issues regarding life expectancy in the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders have been realised with the frequency of occurrence among young adults. In conclusion, it could be depicted that due to the implementation of preventive actions in relation to the health issues among indigenous community. In accordance with the report produced by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, instead of the enhancement of the situation of the communities, the indigenous people still remain below a standard of the known-indigenous people. The survey has also manifested that the male indigenous born between 2010 to 2012 have the life expectancy rate of 69.1 in comparison to known indigenous and which is also below in the current situation. The rate of indigenous people persists between 81% n 2013 as most of the people were below 75 years in comparison to the non-indigenous people in Australia. After 10 years of the implementation of closing the gap programme the rate of life expectancy issues have reduced with 34% and it could be expected the in the next 10 years that the issues will be dispersed with effective efforts. Thus, the effectivenes s of closing the gap programme could be realised as it has manifested the main reason behind such issues is the non communicable diseases and lack of proper treatment to the serious diseases. Thu, it could be concluded that the future preventive measures would be able to reduce the negative impact of the health issues from the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders communities. References Calma T. 2010 Chalmers OrationWhats needed to Close the Gap?Rural Remote Health.2010;10(3):1586. Coleman,, C., Fortune, N., Lee,, V., Griffiths,, K. and Madden, R., 2015. 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