Essay about Abstinence-Only Based Curricula in Public...

The foundation of the abstinence-only policy was laid in 1981 under President Regan when the United States Congress passed the Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA) administered by the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs (OAPP) (Denny, 2006). The main purpose of this this proposal was to keep sexual relationships until marriage (Weaver, 2005). The AFLA became founded on the belief of funding and developing abstinence-only based curricula in public schools throughout the United States (Weaver, 2005). Federal funding for abstinence-only programs in public schools was provided by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PL 104-193), also known as the Welfare Reform Act of 1995 (Wiley, 2002). PL 104-193†¦show more content†¦If the topic has not been studied in the past, cite and discuss--by topic--how related studies were conducted. The role of educating students about the importance of healthy sexual relationships has fallen hard and fast on public schools. School aged boys and girls are not receiving information from their parents on what decisions they should make in regards to sex. Parents are finding this topic of conversation too taboo to breach and as a result, students are getting what little information they are receiving from school. Less then half of school aged adolescents talk to their parents about sex and abstinence (Smith, 2005). The philosophy behind abstinence-only policy implies that the greatest risk of informing students about their options for contraception would be that educators are condoning premarital sex. The risks that our students are already taking, however, are greater then policymakers are considering. It is generally accepted that the majority of sexual intercourse among young people remains unprotected (Westwood, 2006). Abstinence-only curriculum is not preventing adol escents from having sex; it is just making them naà ¯ve to the risks they are taking with their lifestyle choices. There is a continuing increase in the rates of sexually transmitted infections, particularly in people ages 15-25 (Westwood, 2006). Twelve million new cases ofShow MoreRelatedShould Sex Education Be Taught? Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesAs a health science teacher, my educational philosophy is to provide my students with an inclusive, evidence-based approach in addressing sex education in my classroom. The state-mandated teaching standards promoting a biased, abstinence-only program, however, do little to communicate reliable and inclusive information about sexuality. Texas provisions and education codes relating to sex education should sustain amendments that fully address the sexual health needs of every student, regardless ofRead MoreShould Sex Education Be A Part Of The Necessary Curriculum?1321 Words   |  6 Pagesthat is frequently discussed. Issues with parents communicating to their children the risks can lead to teenagers seeking out a third party for information. If sc hools are permitted to teach sex education, they can provide standardized, credible and factual answers to students. Comprehensive sex education varies from the typical abstinence-only education. According to the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), â€Å"[c]omprehensive sex education includes age-appropriateRead MoreSex Education And The Early 19th Century1204 Words   |  5 Pagesactivity, sexual reproduction, age of consent, reproductive health, reproductive rights, safe sex, birth control, and abstinence. Sex education that covers all of these aspects is known as comprehensive sex education as opposed to the abstinence only education that only promotes abstinence. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers, formal school programs, and public health campaigns. Traditionally, adolescents in many cultures were not given any information on sexual matters, withRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Taught?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Teaching only about abstinence is like teaching ‘a driver s education course in which teachers show students grisly photos of traffic accidents but never tell them to stop at red lights or buckle their seat belts’ (Wagle). Sex education is often a hot topic of debate within the States, where high school teens often receive some form of sexual education. However, the quality of this information varies from state to state and even district to district. Although there are many different definitionsRead MoreTeaching Teenagers about Sex in Schools Essay1805 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction As millions of teens are heading back to school, they are going to be learning the same old stuff, the usual studies include-history, math, science. But many students and parent’s surprise, there will be an extra class included in the curricula: Sex Education. In most public schools, there is some form of teaching of sex education. However, there is an even bigger question that is arising. â€Å"What kind of sex education are our children getting and is it enough to helpRead MoreThe Adolescent Family Life Act ( Afla ) Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagescame the Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage program, which was created in 1996 as part of the welfare reform legislation. Finally, the Community-Based Abstinence Education (CBAE), was created in 2000. Now, for over three decades, people are still debating whether the original approach of teaching abstinence should be kept or if schools should go into further detail in teaching how to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases and infections. I believe that all schools should teach anRead MoreAbstinence Only Sexual Education Vs. Inclusive Sex Education Essay2399 Words   |  10 PagesAbstinence-Only Sexual Education vs. Inclusive Sexual Education In 1981, the Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA) was signed into law by President Reagan. Through the act, the federal government first invested in sexual education programs, all of which encouraged â€Å"chastity and self-discipline.† After this came the Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage program, which was created in 1996 as part of the welfare reform legislation. Finally, the Community-Based Abstinence Education (CBAE), was created inRead MoreThe Case For Rights Education1665 Words   |  7 Pagescom/entry/the-case-for-rights-education-alongside-sex-education_us_578d282de4b0d4229484d76d. Accessed 21 Nov. 2016. In â€Å"The Case for Rights Education Alongside Sex Education†, Seth Abramson states that the reason sex education is present in the majority of all American schools is because sex matters. He makes an in-depth point about knowing how to handle oneself during sexual or assault encounters. Abramson supports his point of ‘’sex matters’’ by outlining that lack of age appropriate sexual education has proven to causeRead MoreThe Debate For Comprehensive Sex Education1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is wide spread support for abstinence-only education. A majority of states require that abstinence-only education be the only form of sexual health education provided, or requires that abstinence be stressed above other forms of sexual education. These highly stressed abstinence-only programs are under fire as research comes out against the efficiency of these programs, and as new forms of sexual health education appear. These new programs teach that abstine nce is the best method for avoidingRead MoreSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy,1600 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy, particularly in reference to which approach should be taken, what topics should be raised and at what age children should be begin to learn about sexual development and sexuality. Previously, sex education has focused on the biological development of humans however in recent years programs have shifted towards integration of sexuality and sexual health promotion in response to sexual development within

College Is Worth The Investment - 1322 Words

From birth to death, from day to dawn, children are always told that the absolutely must attend college. Without a degree, they may as well throw their entire life away; no job, no salary, no family—only poverty and misery. Many take this advice to heart, and spend countless amounts of dollars, time, and effort on obtaining their diploma. However, many find themselves in a rut—they have graduated their post-secondary school, but now they cannot obtain a job! Regrettably, this exact situation happens to several thousands of individuals every year. As a result, people often find themselves debating on whether or not college is valuable enough to pour hundreds of dollars into. College is worth the investment if one enters the program with the right experience, finances, and connections to make the most of it. To begin, it takes two-to-eight years to earn a degree, which could be better spent learning valuable work experience and making money. While taking a gap year or a small break from academic work, one may be able to try out various career paths. A gap year enables one to narrow down what field they would like to focus the rest of their careers on (Young People in Debt). Once a field of interest is discovered, a young adult can further explore said field and come to understand just what requirements they must meet in order to obtain this job. Once one realizes what exactly they must do, they can begin focusing their studies on attaining the necessary skills in order toShow MoreRelatedAre Colleges Worth the Price of Admission? Essay examples979 Words   |  4 PagesAre Colleges Worth the Price of Admission? When it comes to the topic of attending college, most of us will readily agree that obtaining a higher education is important. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of paying for it. Whereas some are convinced that tuition is too high, others maintain that it is important no matter the cost. Andrew Hacker and Claudia Dreifus address just such an issue in their essay â€Å"Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission†. Hacker and DreifusRead MoreThe Importance of College Education1366 Words   |  6 PagesCollege. It is the seven-letter word that almost every child will hear thousands of times while they are growing up. They constantly are bombarded by the idea that they must go to college if they want to be successful. However, what if this is a false statement. What if college isn’t as great as everyone makes it out to seem. Well, these days some people believe that young people are better off, not going to college. Over the years the econom y around the world has changed. It has prospered, and itRead MoreCollege Education Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesIs College Still Worth it ? Since their childrens infancy parents have always encouraged their children to go to college and become a professional. But in this new age economic crisis, is college really worth it? Tuition costs are rising to a criminally high price has everyone arguing. Is college really a good investment? Well in a very short way, yes it is. An investment that makes you 500,000 to a million dollar lifetime payout is uncomparable. In the end, today an average college graduate willRead MoreWith Tuition Costs at an all Time High, Is College Really Worth It?872 Words   |  4 Pagesinfancy, parents are always encouraging their children to go to college and become a professional. But in this new age economic crisis, is college really worth it? Tuition costs are rising to a criminally high price have everyone arguing. Is college really a good investment? Well in a very short way, Yes it is. An investment that makes you 500,000 to a million dollar lifetime payout is uncomparable. In the end, today an average college graduate will make far more over the course of his or her lifeRead MoreThe Value Of A College Education928 Words   |  4 PagesI will discuss what the value of a college education means to me. A higher education will give me many physical benefits such as economic stability, a better quality of life for my family, more career choices, better job security, set a good example for my children at the same time, a college education will also give me many intangible benefits such as boosting my self-confidence, helping me to learn specialized knowledge, thinking critically, bringing me in contact with different people, learningRead MoreMaking A Decision For A Higher Education Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesMaking a decision for a higher education can be challenging.   But, understanding the ROR (return on investment) can be an influencing factor to a good decision in pursuing a higher education.   An economic evaluation displays an ROI (return on investment) for an analysis.   An economic evaluation that broadly considers how to optimize the production of particular outcomes within budgetary constraints, given certain inputs, can guide such choices (Hummel-Rossi Ashdown, 2002).   However, there mustRead MoreWhat College Is Really Worth?1180 Words   |  5 PagesWhat College is Really Worth? Today, when someone graduates from high school, it is pretty much expected that they will go to college. In fact, there is more of an emphasis on college education in America today than any other time in history. However, it is also the most expensive time in history to attend college, and with student debt now approaching one trillion dollars and tuition continuing to rise, it leaves the question (Owen and Sawhill 212). What is college truly worth anyway? Nowadays,Read MoreCollege Education Is Worth The Cost Of College926 Words   |  4 Pagesidea that they will go to college. However, few individuals take the time to think about the essence of a college education. For some people college education is worth it whiles for others it may not be worth the cost. General assumption of not making it to college and still making it in life has now become a wise saying for desperate people who have decided to chase money but not a career. A recent study emphasized that one can eventually make it without going to college but how many people do makeRead MoreIs A College Education Worth It?1443 Words   |  6 PagesOne 23 March 2016 Is a College Education Worth It? Is the American dream just a dream?The worth of a college education is arguably one of the most controversial topics in the country. Over the years, the American education system seems to emphasize and underline the importance of college education. The reality of the situation is that a college education can be appreciated through looking at the statistical numbers of people that have enrolled in to college education. A college education is valued becauseRead MoreIs College Cost Too Much?938 Words   |  4 Pagesthat â€Å"you have to go to college† and â€Å"stay in school†, but is it worth it? It seems that society in a way pressures everyone to get a college degree like it’s the right thing to do and there’s no other option. The question that goes around is, does college cost too much? Well college is what an individual makes of it and depending on the circumstances, it can be worth it, but, can also not be. Before addressing the situation, there is the question of why people go to college. According to Caroline

Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh Free Essays

string(117) " on earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystem, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it\." Shipbreaking Activities in Bangladesh and collision of Marine Biodiversity Prabal Barua Associate Program Officer YPSA The marine environment of the coastal water is vital to mankind on a global as well as on local basis concerning energy. Man is becoming a dominant part of the ecosystem in many regions, due to his various uses of the marine environment. So the health of marine ecosystem is an important factor in man own existence. We will write a custom essay sample on Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Bay of Bengal which is a potential bode of marine life as well as for it’s vast coastal communities is now continually polluted by different types of pollutant through influx of land base and other sources and put an alarming signal of awareness about pollution in the sea. The coastal areas of Chittagong Support a complex trophic organization sustain a high biodiversity including some endemic species and are highly susceptible to interference from activities. Coastal ecosystem makes a sustainable livelihood particularly to coastal fishing communities. Ship breaking yards along the coast of Chittagong (Faujdarhat to Kumira) has become a paramount importance in the macro-and micro-economic context of poverty- stricken Bangladesh. Shipbreaking activities present both challenge and opportunity for coastal zone management in holistic manner. The history of ship breaking is as nearly old as shipbuilding. As we know that a ship is relatively a large vessel capable of operating in the deep ocean. The term ‘vessels’ applies to the vessels of over 5000 tons and that can navigate in open seas. In Bangladesh ship breaking is popularly known as ‘Beaching’. Ship breaking started as a business in Bangladesh in 1972. Prior to that, 2/3 ships were scrapped during Pakistan period. It started automatically when a 20000 DWT vessel was drive ashore by the devastating tidal bore of 1965. That was the first ship scrapped on the 2 Chittagong sea beach. At present, ship breaking is conducted in an area of about 10 km by 32 out of 110 ship Breaking yards from Bhatiari, Sonaichhari, kumira under the Sitakunda upazilla of Chittagong. The Department of Environment (DoE) has categorized the Ship Breaking Industry (SBI) as ‘Red’ in 1995(EIA guidelines for the Industries, 1997). The Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is not conducted before the establishment of SBI. As there is no monitoring cell, the Shipyard owners are operating their business overwhelmingly as well as indiscriminately. They are less conscious about hazards, toxicity and environmental pollution whereas more conscious about their benefit. Wastes of the scrapped ships are discharged directly into its adjacent areas which are ultimately draining into the Bay of Bengal. These wastes especially oil and oily substances, PCBs, TBTs, PAHs etc. and different types of trace and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg) are being accumulated into the marine biota. As a result, marine fisheries diversity of the Chittagong coast that supports highly diversified marine water fishes, mollusks and benthic organisms etc. is at the stake right at this moment. Moreover the Coastal inhabitants/fisher folks lead not only their livelihoods but also solely depend on the coastal resources for their protein source. The CPUE (Catch Per Unit effort) has drastically been reduced to more than half comparatively of a few decades ago. As a consequence, the coastal fisher folks are at the stake of their existence. They are either leaving their hereditary profession or migrating to other places and becoming ‘environmental refugees’. That is why their socio-economic status is below the poverty level. There are few studies was done to find out the linkage between Ship breaking activity (SBA) and the marine pollution, impact on fisheries biodiversity and livelihoods of the fishermen community. In those researches, investigators considered Bhatiary to Kumira as affected area and Sandwip Island as control area from the shipbreaking activity. The eastern side of Sandwip has been considered as control site because these are diagonally opposite and off the SBYs and the water and soil qualities are apparently free from pollutants as revealed from the earlier studies. From the previous analysis we found that trace metals concentration in sediments at shipbreaking area are so much higher than recommendation by GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution). But the researchers found that Sandwip which is significantly very lower than that of sediments at affected area. The values of Lead (Pb), Cadmium(Cd) and Mercury(Hg) found six and half; eight and half and ninety four times higher than that of certified values respectively. These could be attributed to the combined effects of oil and oil spillage, petroleum hydrocarbons from ships, tankers, mechanized boats etc. During the investigation all the researcher found water qualities such as Hydrogen Ion H Concentration (p ), Dissolve Oxygen (D. O), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B. O. D), Chemical Oxygen Demand (C. O. D), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Oil and Ammonia (NH3) were concentrated as a higher value in affected area than control area according to the standard value of water quality for the coastal water of Bangladesh (EQS, 1991). All the parameters observed such a higher that they exceeded the value of EQS. But the water parameters in Sandwip channel were optimum and near to the value of EQS standard. Water qualities in affected area exceeded the EQS standard which reveals that the water body of the adjacent area of ship breaking yards is not suitable for the existence of flora and fauna. The higher concentration was due to the discharge of various refuse oils and oily substances, dyes, chemicals, iron pieces, various types of metal rusts, solids, dyes, erosion of soil dust etc. from the ship breaking yards. Pollutants are also discharged from the Sitakunda industrial area into the run-off open to the Bay. Impact of Marine Biodiversity: Biodiversity, which is sort for biological diversity, is the term used to describe the whole variety of life on earth. In popular usage, the word biodiversity is often used to describe all the species living in a particular area. Biodiversity can be summarized as â€Å"Life on earth. † It is defined as â€Å" The varieties of life on earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystem, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it. You read "Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh" in category "Essay examples" † The total biodiversity of an area can be broken down into two hierarchical components: the number of functional types of organisms (animals and plants) or ecosystems (forest, prairie, tundra and marine intertidal) and the number of functionally equivalent organisms within each functional type. There are three types of aspects to biodiversity: species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. All three interact and change over time and from place to place. Phytoplankton is the primary food producers of the aquatic habitat and plays an important role in the food chain. Phytoplankton is the best index of the biological productivity. Analysis of phytoplankton showed that during monsoon, Aanabaena , Clostratrum(10. 98%) and Coscinodiscus(21. 97%), Euglena (9. 89%) and Zygnema (30. 76%) and during post monsoon Coscinodiscus (97. 5%) and Euglena (2. 5%) dominated in the affected site. In the control site of Sandwip, these were dominated as 30. 41%, 19. 46%; 17. 03%; 9. 73%; 23. 35% in the monsoon and 94. 73% and 5. 26% respectively in the post monsoon. Throughout the study period the abundance of phytoplankton at affected site was 91 cells/ l in monsoon season and 80 cells/ l in post monsoon season and in control site it was 411 cells/l in monsoon season and 190 cells / l in post monsoon season. Drifting small floating animals, in the water body are collectively known as zooplankton on which the whole aquatic life depends directly or indirectly. As zooplankton is very sensitive to optimum condition, so the coastal pollution due to ship breaking activities may have profound affects on its survival and occurrence. Analysis of zooplankton showed that Calanoida, Cyclopedia, Sagitta, Lucifer etc in the monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp; Lucifer and Zoea in the post monsoon were dominated in the affected site as revealed during zooplankton analysis whereas in the control site the dominant zooplankton were found as Calanoida, Cylpclpedia, Sagitta and Zoea during the post monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp, Lucifer, Cladocera and Zoea in the post monsoon respectively. The bottom living organisms –the benthos play an important role in the food chain especially in the inter tidal zone and it is also well recognized that the richest fisheries of the world are closely related to the benthic communities. Among the macro benthos, Amphipods, Polychaetes, Nemertina and Fish egg in the monsoon and Nemertina, Cladocera, Cyclopoida and Calanoida were found to be dominated at the affected site. But at the control site, Amphipod, Polychaete, Nemertina, Fish egg during the monsoon and Cladocera, Nemertina , Calanoida and Polychaete in the post monsoon were dominated So, the abundance of macro benthos in affected site was 118. 46 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 4186. 74 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season, while in in the control site 368. 28 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 14204. 41 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season. The fishery resources of the area seems to be affected by the ship breaking activities as revealed by increased fishing efforts, reduced species diversity, increased amount of trash fish. Horizontal expansion of the ship breaking yards has posed threat not only to the diversified coastal resources but also on the adjacent coastal inhabitants specially the fisher folks. The fishing hamlets of this study were found backward in the field of primary education and health that are the basic needs for them. Communication and drinking water supply were observed satisfactory but the sanitation status was found to be very poor. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) study showed that about 90% of them were local and full time fishermen and 10% were migratory of different districts including Bhola, Barisal, Mymensingh and others. The fisher folks are dissatisfied with different NGO activities working in this area. No government aid was found to be available for the welfare of fishermen communities. The catch has declined in the tune of at least 50 to 60% of what was two decades ago. This incident has got serious implication in the context of survival of such a disgraced community. It was found that about 70% of the fishermen had either nets or boats or both of them. They use both mechanized and non-mechanized boats and some traditional fishing crafts (Dinghi) for fishing. Among the fishing nets Set Beg Net (Behundi Jal) and Gill Net (Ilish Jal) were found to be widely used. Though the gears are available for fishing, they can catch a very little amount in every effort. They uniquely reported that the fish catch had been reduced more than half of the previous time. Analysis of catch composition indicates that some commercially important fishes like Indian salmon (Polynemus indicus) commonly known as Lakhua, grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) known as bole coral; Long jew fish (Otolithoides brunneus) locally known as lombu fish; spanish mackerel (Cybium guttatum) known as maitta and butter fish (Psenes indicus) etc are in endangered position. Some other commercially important fishes like River shad (Tenualusa ilisha) Jwelled shad (Ilisha filigera) locally known as choikka; mud skipper (Gobies); mango fish (Polynemus paradysius) known as ‘Hriska Machh’; silver pomfret (Stromateus chinensis); bombay duck (Herpodon nehereus); mullet ( Mugil cephalus); Sea bass (Lates calcarifer); Anchovy(Coilia dussumeri; Coilia ramkorati; Setipinna taty) etc are reduced in catch. Many coastal fishermen are leaving their hereditary profession and moving around everyday as ‘environmental refugees’ from a state of unemployed and poverty to underemployment and grim poverty. Due to the deterioration of the water body, fishes are moving away from this area into the deep sea. But the poor fishermen with small fishing boats can hardly fish at deep seas the creditors and swindlers are taking this chances and rush to lend money and thus make them run into debt. The fishermen also reported that while they catch fish at sea they face piracy. They also face the muscle man, middle man and swindlers when they return with fewer amounts of fish.. These criminals snatch away the fishes forcefully. The fishermen are exploited by the dealers in dadon (earnest money). It is made obligatory that the middleman determines the price of fish in the season of fish. They are to sell fish to the lenders at a nominal or throwaway price. The middlemen indulge in maintaining miscreants to exercise their authority over them. Before the season of fish they borrow 4/5 thousand Taka from the dadonders (Buyers cum earnest money lenders) to repair the boat which lead them run into debt. Generally the months of MarchApril-May (Falgoon-Chaitra-Baishakh) are the â€Å"season of scarcity† as reported by the fishermen during PRA survey. At this time they require at least Tk. 4000/5000 to repair their boats, nets and for other incidental expenses. Most of the fishermen opined that Ship Breaking Activity (SBA) creates problems to them and the rest did not respond. Besides, 90% of the villagers of the vicinity were anxious about their existence in future. Their nets for the catching fish become stuck with oil and impurities. They suffer from respiratory difficulties, sonic booms, explosions, lightning, fumes, toxic chemicals and skin diseases. It is clear from the sociological study that coastal fish species diversity has been reduced due to the ship breaking activities. The fishermen’s hereditary profession is now at the vulnerable position due to the Ship Breaking Activity (SBA); less access to credit etc. But the most interesting thing is that they are not conscious about their rights and deprivation. The increasing SBA is depleting the fishery resources which simultaneously decreasing catch per unit effort (CPUE). So this trend is provoking the fisher folks to change their livelihoods for what they never feel comfort and safe. Land grabbing by the yard owners also occurs sometime. Expansion of the yard shrinks the area of the fishing villages. They have to leave their space with a very nominal price. They have rights over only 200 feet of the seashore where they dry nets and anchor boats. Erosion of the village by sea wave action threatened the fishing village’s decade after decade. It started in sixties and nearly half a kilometer of the village has disappeared into the sea. Now at least 20,000 people engaged in catching fish are at the stake of their existence. Bangladesh is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992 and the Biosafety Protocol. Bangladesh is also a party to the Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild fauna and Flora (CITES). Bangladesh has a Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 (ordinance No XXXV) and under this ordinance government may declare any area of Bangladesh fisheries waters and any adjacent or surrounding land to be a marine reserve (Part VII). So, if government will declare Sandwip channel and its adjacent area as a marine reserve area for fisheries biodiversity it will be. Besides, there are many laws, rules and polices in Bangladesh to conserve marine biodiversity such as The territorial water and maritime zones act (1974) and rules (1977), The forest act (1917), Environment Conservation Act (1995), Protection and Conservation of Fish rules (1985), national fish policy (1996), the water policy (1999), the environment policy (1992). If we conserve our diversify marine biodiversity it will be urgent need to establish environment friendly Shipbreaking activity in Bangladesh. Related article: Padma Bridge How to cite Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh, Essay examples

Life Expectancy Issues Among Indigenous Communities In Australia

Question: Discuss about the Indigenous Authored Literature Review On Exploring The Life Expectancy Issues Among Indigenous Communities In Australia. Answer: Literature review The literature review intends to elaborate a certain issue in relation to a relative interesting area that would help in exploring the unattended information so far. In accordance with the report from the national indigenous reform agreement, 8 out 10 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander are suffering from low life expectancy in the current scenario (Griffiths, 2013). In Australian, the life expectancy surveys are being conducted in Australia in every 5 years in order to accumulate information regarding the frequency of occurrence of the issue. Here the study would be addressing the issues of life expectancy among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders culture and diversity and how it has been treated since the outburst of the issues would also be attended (Coleman et al. 2015). Through evaluating three of the articles by the indigenous writer, the issue could better be explained and understood at the same time. It has evidently been realised that there is a humongous gap between the indigenous and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander on the basis of life expectancy. In the article named Closing the Gaps: competing estimates of Indigenous Australian life expectancy in the scientific literature by (Coleman et al. 2015) has exhibited the gap between life expectancy of the indigenous such as Aboriginal Islanders and Australian people which have been calculated through many methods in the past few years. The article explains the inequality in the health aspects of the Australian people and the indigenous and a well-documented evaluation of the facts could also be gained in this regard. In a comparative manner, the difference between the life expectancy issues and reasons behind it could be stated in terms of morbidity, disability and mortality in the life course of the indigenous people and along with this, international injury, uneven practices of hospitalisation for mental illness, renal dise ase and so on, have greater influence upon the indigenous Australian (Doyle et al. 2015). In Australia, the aspects of life expectancy aspects are calculated and explaining order to manifest the difference between health equality and circumstances that encourage such issues to arise (Rosenstock et al. 2013). The article has evaluated the course of explaining life expectancy among indigenous people in Australia through adopting certain methods such as assess the peer reviewed publication that has conducted the calculation regarding life expectancy among indigenous people in Australia between 2007-2012. The results were presented in term five age section of the population such as 20 years, 17 years, 15 -20 years and 11.5 years in males, whereas the females suffering the life expectancy issues has been realised within the age group of 9.7 years in comparison to the Australian people (Esler, et al. 2015). Thus, in relation to this article a concluding note could be incorporated that tho ugh the outcomes of the survey has not been revealed to the stakeholders but it is evident that the agreement based on the gap magnitude should be presented to the stakeholders in order to reduce the issues related to o life expectancy among indigenous people n Australia. In relation to the second indigenous authored article called Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend reporting it is also realised that the author has shaded light upon the life expectancy evaluation and its exploration on the basis of survey results. Hence, it is manifested within the article that the methodology regarding the evaluation of the life expectancy has changed in the past several years and new methodology has been introduced in 2013 (Calma, 2010). The study mainly concentrated upon the ways in which the aspects of life expectancy has been explored and how often these are effective in delivering acute information regarding the rate of life expectancy issues among a male and female population of the indigenous people in Australia (Karlsson, 2013). One of the main programmes were generated between 2012 to 2014 called closing the gap programme which aimed at reducing or diminishing the gap between the life expectancy rates of aboriginal isla nders and the Australian people. The third article named Hypertension: high prevalence and a positive association with obesity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth in far north Queensland in this regard have also manifested different facets of the issues related to life expectancy. The study has directed the attention towards another important aspect of Australia that showcased instead of the good name at the word bank, there is still inequality persist regarding health issues among the Australian population (Schluter et al. 2016). The two indigenous populations in Australia, which are Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders, are facing inequality in education, income and health reacted issues in their daily course of life. In accordance with the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey report conducted in 2008 it is realised that the gross income of the indigenous communities in Australia is also most equal to the US$14,020 and in the remote areas of Australia 28% of the popul ation is running out of financial assets needed for basic living (Yap and Biddle, 2010). The life expectancy aspects are below 10 to 12 years of the other Australian population and the main reason behind be could be stated in terms of familial separation, colonisation, racism underpins the current disadvantages for the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia (Graham et al. 2017). The article has argued that along with the pre mentioned the reason the cardiovascular and renal disease which has influenced the young adults in the Australian. The results have manifested in terms of the sources of the illness including hyper tension, obesity and lack of proper nutrition among children basically. Thus, a conclusion in relation to the study could be inserted in terms of the fact that the young adults of the indigenous communities specifically in the remote living areas are at great risk due to renal disease and cardiovascular issues. A suggestive note has been recorded i n relation to the preventive action could have been considered in order to prevent the influential impact of the diseases or the inequality on the future generation in those aboriginal communities. Hence, from the above evaluation of the three indigenous authored articles, it has been realised that the indigenous population in Australia has been facing difficulties in many forms in the course of their life (Sanders, 2013). Though the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders have witnessed inequalities in the form of education, income and health, here the issues related to life expectancy have been evaluated. From the comparative discussion, it could be realised that the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders people are devoid of the basic requirements and necessity in the course of living and in relation to the health issues the problem related to life expectancy has been highlighted among the indigenous communities. Thus, an evident gap has been realised between the health related problem and treating those problems among the indigenous people and the Australian population (Ritchie, 2010). On the other hand, it could be said that the articles have evidently extract ed he main reason behind the issues in the respective communities in a critical manner. The indigenous communities are below the standard of income, education and health in comparison to other Australian population. The indigenous population living in remote areas are subjected to witness the cruellest side of inequality in terms of financial instability which has great influence upon the daily course of life (Schluter et al. 2016). The issues regarding life expectancy in the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders have been realised with the frequency of occurrence among young adults. In conclusion, it could be depicted that due to the implementation of preventive actions in relation to the health issues among indigenous community. In accordance with the report produced by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, instead of the enhancement of the situation of the communities, the indigenous people still remain below a standard of the known-indigenous people. The survey has also manifested that the male indigenous born between 2010 to 2012 have the life expectancy rate of 69.1 in comparison to known indigenous and which is also below in the current situation. The rate of indigenous people persists between 81% n 2013 as most of the people were below 75 years in comparison to the non-indigenous people in Australia. After 10 years of the implementation of closing the gap programme the rate of life expectancy issues have reduced with 34% and it could be expected the in the next 10 years that the issues will be dispersed with effective efforts. Thus, the effectivenes s of closing the gap programme could be realised as it has manifested the main reason behind such issues is the non communicable diseases and lack of proper treatment to the serious diseases. Thu, it could be concluded that the future preventive measures would be able to reduce the negative impact of the health issues from the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders communities. References Calma T. 2010 Chalmers OrationWhats needed to Close the Gap?Rural Remote Health.2010;10(3):1586. Coleman,, C., Fortune, N., Lee,, V., Griffiths,, K. and Madden, R., 2015. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend Reporting.Sydney Centre for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Statistics. Doyle, M., Butler, T., Shakeshaft, A., Guthrie, J., Reekie, J. and Schofield, P., 2015. Alcohol and other drug use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men entering prison in New South Wales.Health Justice, 3(1). Esler, D., Raulli, A., Pratt, R. and Fagan, P., 2015. Hypertension: high prevalence and a positive association with obesity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth in far north Queensland.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 40(S1), pp.S65-S69. Graham, S., O'Connor, C., Morgan, S., Chamberlain, C. and Hocking, J., 2017. Prevalence of HIV among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sexual Health. Griffiths,, K., 2013. Guidelines on the provision of sustainable eye care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 96(4), pp.422-423. Karlsson, L., 2013. Indigenous life expectancy in Sweden 1850-1899: Towards a long and healthy life?.Demographic Research, 28, pp.433-456. Ritchie, J., 2010. Why we need success stories in reporting the health of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: a personal perspective.Global Health Promotion, 17(4), pp.61-64. Rosenstock, A., Mukandi, B., Zwi, A. and Hill, P., 2013. Closing the Gaps: competing estimates of Indigenous Australian life expectancy in the scientific literature.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 37(4), pp.356-364. Sanders, W., 2013. Changing Agendas in Australian Indigenous Policy: Federalism, Competing Principles and Generational Dynamics.Australian Journal of Public Administration, 72(2), pp.156-170. Schluter, P., Askew, D., Spurling, G., Lee, M. and Hayman, N., 2016. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander oral health and its impact among adults: A cross-sectional study.Australian Dental Journal, 62(1), pp.84-94. Yap, M. and Biddle, N., 2010. Gender Gaps in Indigenous Socioeconomic Outcomes: Australian Regional Comparisons and International Possibilities.International Indigenous Policy Journal, 1(2).

Aol Business Strategies Essays - AOL, Online Service Providers

Aol Business Strategies A. Business Strategies 1. Strategic Objectives Brand Name Recognition Alliances with Suppliers to provide Customers with one-stop shopping Develop massive customer base Create an easy internet/email service Create non-financial costs to customers to dissuade them from moving to competitors 2. Cost Strategy Profits mater more than growth Make cost to switch not financially practically Make it financially difficult for competitors to contend with AOL 3. Differentiation Strategy Provide on-line features with special offers to AOL subscribers Attract suppliers by intangible benefit of association with AOL's brand name Offer premium services Provide user-friendly access 4. Innovation Strategy AOL Direct New AOL software AOL TV B. Successes Forty percent of online traffic is from AOL Users are watching less TV therefore advertisers are spending more on internet advertising Reduced costs by eliminating inefficient units Reduced costs by lowering AOL's cost of connect time Reduced costs to acquire new subscribers Leverage AOL's massive subscriber base for all it is worth Generated guaranteed future revenues C. Uses of Technology New AOL software could save up to $40 million in customer service costs Creating a personalized digital newspaper Creating competition for WebTV D. Problems to Overcome Not customer service friendly Internet service occasionally has outages and email glitches The telcos and cable companies are targeting AOL's customers Analysts predict AOL will lose market share Lead companies would rather invest in their own websites than AOL advertising E. Recommendations The key strategy is leveraging the brand name of AOL. AOL adds more than 10,000 users a day . Once consumers associate Internet service with AOL, then competitors will not be able to enter the market. AOL needs to form more alliances with suppliers to ensure guaranteed financial revenues for many years. AOL needs to strategize with the cash surplus and focus on new technology to eliminate system outages and email glitches. If AOL users experience to many difficulties, then they will surrender the financial and nonfinancial costs to mover to a more sophisticated Internet provider. F. Time Warner Merger 20 million families rely on AOL to be their Internet provider. This is a powerful market of consumers who are influenced by convenience. This merger is an attempt to lock in customers to AOL with the convenience of ?one-stop shopping?. Customers will be able to watch TV and email their friends about a particular program at the same time. Customers will also be able to surf the Internet during commercials of their favorite TV show. This merger is another step towards AOL's strategic goal of creating non-financial costs to deter customers from switching to another Internet provider and simultaneously, AOL will be able to create new marketing arenas in order to attract suppliers to form alliances with AOL. Strategies and Technology Customers Suppliers Competitors Strategic Objective Offer many online- * Leverage subscribers *Lock out competitors services for ease base for maximum by locking in customers of customers advertising & suppliers with AOL Cost Strategy Make cost to switch Offers suppliers access Make it financially difficult not practical to have customers pay on-line for competitors to rather than sending out a bill contend with AOL Differentiation Strategy Provide more on-line *Suppliers benefit by *Offer exclusive rights to contracts features with special association with AOL's so competitors are not able to offers to subscribers brand name add equal value to their services Innovation Strategy Introduce AOL Direct #Offer many new ideas #Provide unmatched products so members who have of marketing and and services web pages can be grouped advertising forums by common interests Strategies and Successes Strategic Objective *Brand name recognition *Offer alliances to provide *Develop massive customer base their services in a secure and make it difficult to switch format internet providers Cost Strategy #Increase monthly access fee #Charge premium rates for Cash surplus secures position privilege to advertise on any new delivery platform on AOL Differentiation Strategy #Provide user-friendly access *AOL brand name creates Lower costs of acquiring new immediate value to suppliers subscribers make it difficult for others to compete without suffering a financial hardship * is Strength of AOL # is Weakness of AOL Business

The Russian Revolution of 1917 essays

The Russian Revolution of 1917 essays This essay aims to discuss the consequences and significance that the Russian revolution in 1917, brought to the world and in Russia. It covers issues such as the changes in Russia and the world. Firstly, it looks at the changes in Russia. Secondly, what actually didn't change in Russia. Thirdly, which of these changes was predominant. Fourth, the consequences of these changes to the rest of the world. Lastly, how these changes affected the world and the significance that these changes brought. The Russian Revolution altered the lives of the Russians by overpowering the Tsar, because of the hardships they experienced under his rule. They believed that with this they could have more freedom of speech in which they could have a say on how their nation would be governed and also a fairer share in the wealth of their sovereign state. The revolution in Russia was then led by Lenin who had modified their lives. This included women being given the same rights as men, because women under the Tsar's rule, were considered second class citizens. Which meant that they can't get jobs, every signing of documents and procuring of properties would need to be approved by the husband or the father. Other modifications brought about by the Russian revolution were; workers having power in the factories, banks taken over by the state, debts to foreign governments remained unpaid, rich people gave up their money to help the less fortunate, people had to have the same amount of wage regardless of what position they hold in the workplace, divorce was made easier in which all that couples had to do was to ask for it, the calendar was made the same as the rest of Western Europe, the use of courtesies such as "Sir", and "Count", were abolished. Lastly, procedures in the court of law were made simpler in the hope that justice would more likely prevail. In addition to this Lenin put his own managers in factories to impose strict discipline to the workers. Tra...

Strategic Management Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management Analysis - Assignment Example Virgin Holiday is a UK based company. It is also considered as one of the market leaders that arrange travel trips to the USA along with Caribbean. From the year 1985, the company is arranging the entire holiday travels and has customized the experiences of holiday all throughout the world. Besides the two places it also offers holiday packages to other places such as Canada, Australia, South Africa, Far East, Middle-East, Indian Ocean, New Zealand, and Mauritius. The prime objective of the company is to provide customers with best holiday destination so that they can take pleasure of the place (Virgin Holidays, 2011). 1.2 Brief Introduction of Package Holiday Sector The package holiday industry in the UK is one of the largest as well as fastest emerging industries. The industry provides various holiday destinations to the customers. Besides other kinds of holiday packages, the package holiday is also arranged which provides customers with numerous destinations both internationally a s well as nationally. In the package holiday industry, tour operators perform as ‘wholesalers’ as they are entitled to bargain with the travel agencies regarding the commission for selling to the customers (Rowe & Et. Al., 2002). 1.3 Reason of Choosing the Company Virgin Holidays has been chosen because it is the successful ‘transatlantic tour operator’. The company is much efficient to arrange holiday programs for the travellers as it is operating in the market since the year 1985. It also possesses excellent customer service with unique travel intelligence (Virgin Holidays, 2011). 2.0 Task A 2.1 PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL analysis will analyse the political, social, economical, technological, environmental and legal factors that have impact on the package holiday industry in the UK. Political The political insecurity has an impact upon the selection of tourist destination of a traveller. The political conflicts in various countries have restricted the pac kage holiday destination for visitors. From the UK, trip towards Croatia and Serbia has seen improvement as the political situation has re-established, particularly in Croatia. The different political scenario in various countries may decrease the package holiday trips to the attractive destinations, which may result in low demand of the tourism packages in the UK (Philip Allan, n.d.). Economic The tourism industry has faced challenges due to the fluctuation of economy in the UK. The economy of the country is rising; as a result it will result in growth of the service industry such as tourism sector. The changes in the GDP rate and wage will have an impact on the tourism industry in the UK. In the UK the NMW (National Minimum Wage) rate is as follows: Rate (per Hour) Age ?5.93 Greater than 21 ?4.92 18 - 20 ?3.64 16 - 17 ?2.50 Apprentice under 19

To be discussed with the writer Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

To be discussed with the writer - Dissertation Example A marketer should be able to capitalize on the existing opportunities. With the aim to evaluate the most effective form of marketing to the 16-25 year-olds, this study was undertaken. Research aims and objectives were laid out and after extensive literature review, qualitative secondary data was gathered and analysed to arrive at the outcome of the study. The study finds that this age group is dynamic, on the move, engages in multitasking and has moved away from the traditional forms of media consumption. They are technically savvy and rely more on user reviews than marketer claims through advertisements. Both iPhone and Nike has been trying to develop value-proposition for their customers but Nike clearly has a robust strategy in place that has given it edge over competitors. Apple’s iPhone, on the other hand, lags behind due to its strategy to steer clear of social media. Nike’s constantly evolving strategy of social media helps them keep their customers engaged in di fferent ways while iphone is losing out on the youth segment as it has not been able to harness the potential of social media. The most effective form of marketing to the youth would be through the social media as it helps marketers to reach out to and fulfil customer needs better than competitors. Iphone has a product-push approach to marketing while Nike’s approach is customer-led. ... iew 6 2.1 Chapter Overview 6 2.2 Definition of marketing 6 2.3 Marketing Strategy 7 2.4 Consumer Behavior 12 2.5 Consumer Behavior of the target segment 14 Chapter III Methodology 15 3.1 Research Philosophy 15 3.2 Research Design 15 3.3 Research Methodology 15 3.4 Choice of Method 15 3.5 Data Collection 16 3.6 Justification for Secondary Data 17 3.7 Data Analysis 17 3.8 Reliability and Validity 17 Chapter IV Findings and Discussions 18 4.1 Findings 18 4.1.2 Marketing Strategy of iPhone 18 4.1.3 Marketing strategy of Nike 22 4.2 Discussions 26 Chapter V Conclusion & Recommendation 29 5.1 Conclusion 29 5.2 Limitations of the Study 31 5.3 Recommendations for further research 31 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.36 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background The effectiveness of marketing is ascertained based on how effectively a marketer is able to reach out and fulfill customer needs better than competing firms. It is effective marketing that has enabled Apple to venture into diversified products such as iPod and Macbook successfully. A sound marketing strategy enables an organization to leverage its strength and capitalize on opportunities existing in the market (Ferrel, 2011, p1). Organizations need to develop and plan a systematic process for developing customer-oriented marketing strategies and marketing plans suitable to its external and internal environment. The function ‘marketing’ has successfully migrated from being a mere functional discipline to being a concept of how businesses should be run (Greyser, 1997 cited in Hooley, Piercy & Nicouland, 2009, p3). Today marketing for most managers, centers on identifying and satisfying

Anwar Al-Sadat Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anwar Al-Sadat - Research Paper Example The followers of the Shah of Iran (Persia), Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, highly revered the Egyptian president Anwar El Sadat for his relationship with their leader. The Shah and his wife would often socialize with the Egyptian president and that these political leaders helped each other on various occasions. Their friendship can be further justified by the fact that when the Shah of Iran was exiled after the Islamic revolution in Iran, he chose Egypt as the place to spend his future. Besides, when the Shah of Iran passed away in Egypt in 1980, Anwar El Sadat gave him a state funeral and buried him in the resting place of the Egyptian royal families. In my opinion, Anwar El Sadat was a great leader who could have really improved the standards of Egypt during his reign, had he been given more time and power. His assassination by the Islamist wing due to the fact he pursued peace in relationships with Israel was completely unjustifiable. His wisdom had allowed him to see ahead of his time; h e understood that peace was the only way forward for his nation. Instead of praising him for his vision, the fundamentalists gathered support against him and decided to topple his rule. All the sources used for this research have been taken from reliable books and have been referenced thoroughly to give due credit to their renowned authors who are experts in their respective fields. The topics range from biographies of Anwar El Sadat to the books on the various issues of the Middle Eastern region in and around the time of the Egyptian Leader.

Impact on international business negotiations

Impact on international business negotiations Cultures Impact On International Business Negotiations International Negotiations And Culture Nowadays there is not product or service that does not have any international mark in its story. According to Thomas, D. (2008:3) â€Å"virtually all business conducted today is global business. It is difficult to identify a product or service that is not somehow influenced by a cross-border transaction of some kind†. Czinkota et al. (2009:53) suggests that when a firm expands its operations across international borders, it acquires new customers and new partners in new environments. It is essential for the company to understand cultural differences and the way they manifest themselves and to determine similarities across cultures and exploit them in the formulation of strategy. The success in new markets is determined by the capability of the firm to adapt to the new culture. Patience, flexibility and appreciation of others beliefs are essential qualities. Unlike economic, legal, and political aspects of the country, which are recognizable, cultures effects are mostly hidden and difficult to observe. For this reason, Thomas (2008:11) states that culture is the aspect of the management context most often neglected. Even large multinational corporations like Unilever need to observe the cultural features in a new market before launching a product. For example, when Unilever decided to enter the Indian market, it began its business by spending weeks living in rural villages to spend time with locals and come in touch with their uses and customs. Doing this, it discovered that to sell soap to Indian women it had to develop differently its product. Because of the use of the women of this region to use the same soap for body washing as for shampoo, Unilever developed a low-cost soap that could be used for body and for hair. (Johnson et all. 2006:302) To deal with culture it is necessary to understand what it is and what it is made of. ASPECTS /COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN PARTICULAR INTO THE BUSINESS WORLD, IN RELACION CON EL MUNDO COMERCIAL Definition Of Culture Czincota et al. (2009:54) defines culture as an â€Å"integrated system of learned behaviour patterns that are characteristics of the members of any society†. Any society has interrelated and interdependent features that characterize the direction and guidance in all phases of human problem solving. Culture is dynamic in time and develops through interactions among groups of people, societies, regions and nations. The key to success in international operations is to adjust and adapt to a specific culture in order to understand and later satisfy its specific needs. This activity is called â€Å"process of acculturation†. Reseacrh in this field has demonstrated that culture affects peoples behaviour. Its internal elements as values and attitudes can influence the way a person approach new products and some companies might find necessary to adapt dramatically its goods to the societys requirements. These elements are: language (verbal or nonverbal), religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, material elements, aesthetics, education and social institutions (Maureen 2005: 42; Czinkota et al. 2009: 57). THE LATES PROVIDED A VERY USEFUL DEFINITION OF THESE ELEMENTS THAT CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOW: 2.1. Language has been described by Czincota et al. (2009: 58) as the mirror of culture. Language capability serves three distinct roles in international business. Firstly, business meeting are aids by language knowledge. Speaking the national language would make the people more comfortable and inclined to make a deal. Secondly, it provides access to local society. It is reccomendable to become part of the market rather than observe it from the outside. Finally, language capability is increasingly important in company communications because using an interpreter takes long time and the manager could not be sure the message has been translated correctly. The company has to pay also attention at the different translations that a word could have in countries with the same language. For example, Goodyear has identified five different terms for the word â€Å"tyres† in the Spanish-speaking Americas: cauchos in Venezuela, cubiertas in Argentina, gomas in Puerto Rico, neumaticos in Chile and llantas in most of the other countries. Dealing with language invariably requires local assistance. Manager also must to analyse and becoming familiar with nonverbal language. Key topics are: time, space, material possessions, friendship patterns and business agreements (Czinkota et all 2009: 60).Following, this aspect will be applied at the Spanish culture. 2.2. Religion has an impact on international business that is seen in a cultures values and attitudes toward entrepreneurship, consumption and social organization.(SINTASSI) Although the impact of religion may be indirect in Protestant northern Europe, its impact in countries where Islamic fundamentalism is on the rise may be profound. .(Czinkota et all 2009: 60). 2.3. The differences in cultural values and attitudes affect the way planning is executed, decisions are made, strategy is implemented and personnel are evaluated. In some counties many middle-aged bureaucrats and company officials believe that buying foreign products is unpatriotic.(Czinkota et all 2009: 63). 2.4. Manners and customs: understanding manners and customers is especially important in negotiations, because interpretations based on ones own frame of reference may lead to a totally incorrect conclusion. To negotiate affectively abroad, all types of communication should be read correctly. For example, gift giving is one area where preparation and sensitivity are called for. (Czinkota et all 2009: 65). 2.5 Material elements: material culture refers to the results of technology and is directly related to how a society organizes its economic activity. Many US exporters do not understand the degree to which Americans are package conscious; for example, cans must be shiny and beautiful. (Czinkota et all 2009: 67) 2.6 Aesthetics: each culture makes a clear statement concerning good taste, as expressed in the arts and in the particular symbolism of colours, form and music. What is and what is not acceptable may vary dramatically even in otherwise highly similar markets. In Spain, for example, sex is a big selling point while Japanese in order to preserve the purity of their women use foreign models to make the point in provocative adverts. (Czinkota et all 2009:67). ESEMPIO PUBLICITA PROVOCATIVA IN SPAGNA 2.7 Education: education levels effect various business functions. For example, a high level of illiteracy suggests the use of visual aids rather than printed manuals. (Czinkota et all 2009: 68). In Lanzarote the labels of many products are written in Castellano, English and French to adapt to the mix of nationalities population †¦ of the island. (COME FACCIO LA REFERENZA?) 2.8 Social institutions: It affects the way people relate to each other. The family unit, which in Western industrialized countries consists of parents and children, is extended in a number of cultures to include grandparents and other relatives. This affects consumption patterns and must be taken into account, for example when conducting market research. social organization also determine the roles of managers and subordinates and how they relate to one another. In some cultures, managers and subordinates are separated explicitly and implicitly by various boundaries ranging from social class differences to separate office facilities. (Czinkota et all 2009: 68) Controllato Fino A Qua Spanish Culture This chapter analyses the main characteristics of Spanish culture paying particular attention at the Lanzarotes context. To understand a culture, one must first understand the people – where they come from, who they are the values and traditions they live by, as well as their customs and etiquette. (Graff 2006: about the series). Spain is a land of contrasts. A fascinating mixture of cultures, architecture, landscapes and climates, it is a country begging to be explored and offering newcomers as wide a choice of lifestyles, business opportunities and entertainment as any other country in Europe. (Graff 2006: vi) Spaniard love to gather together and talk. They are sociable people, generally vivacious, ready to enjoy a party and join in celebrations. They are passionate about their family, their conviction and their arts, but also enjoy modest pleasures such as a good meal with friends. Spanish temperament is strongly individualistic. (Graff 2006: 30) In Spain there is the usage to kiss people on the cheeks when meeting at an event or in the street. Foreigners must be aware of this customs and adapt to it. Women will kiss the men and the other women, but men will only kiss women. It is possible that at the end of a friendly conversation a man may give another man a big hug that it is just an expression of friendly feeling. (Graff 2006: 32) Settling In Spanish bureaucracy is a critical factor for foreigners and locals. Because of the slow administrative system, it could take also a day to get a simply permit. Patience will be tried to the extreme on occasion, and it must be learnt to remain calm and reasonable under quite severe stress. Spaniards find these long waiting a chance to do conversation and make new friends. (Graff 2006:57) Food And Entertaining Spaniards have a real veneration for food. A meal it is an expression of community spirit, to everyone meeting to enjoy the food and the company (Graff 2009:97). Language There are different languages and dialects spoken throughout the country. The local languages may create difficulties to foreigner when travelling from a region to another as road signs might be written in the local language. Castilian is the official language of Spain used by the majority of the mass media and also in official documents. However, Catalan, Galician and Basque are widely spoken in their regions (Graff 2006:140). Non-Verbal Communication Spaniards use non-verbal language more than British people. Particularly when speaking with foreigner, Spanish people wave their hands to describe or to emphasise what they are saying. Handshakes are never prolonged and only used at first introductions, after which kissing becomes the accepted form of greeting (Graff 2006: 143). MAÑANA Punctuality In order to do not have unpleasant hours of waiting it is necessary to understand what Spaniards mean with maà ±ana, (tomorrow). According to Spanish courtesy it is more acceptable to keep scheduling an appointment maà ±ana, even knowing there are just a few possibilities it will happen, instead of refusing it (Graff 2006: 145). Spaniards do nothing in a hurry. While they expect foreign visitors to be punctual for business meetings, they are lax about their own punctuality for social occasions or business appointments (Bosrock 2006: 399) Meetings And Business Lunches Spaniards prefers to do business face to face. For this reason, when it is possible, they like to arrange a meeting in a cafà © or a restaurant. Business meeting are frequent occurrences and likely to be noisy affairs where a foreign could probably be constantly interrupted. These kind of lunches tend to become lengthy affair. It is so advised to do not schedule any important appointment after the lunch (Graff 2006: 151). (Bosrock 2006: 393) Because of the richness of Spanish culture and history it is recommended to know some of the basic fact. Applying this to the Spain it results an useful list..: Its official name: Spain The collective name of its people: Spanish/Spaniards The language(s) spoken: Castilian (official), Basque, Catalan, Its presidents name: Zapatero Its political system: democracy Its currency: Euro Whether it belongs to the European Union (EU): yes Main events of the past century, (the more details you know, the better your conversation will be.) Current issues and event (Bullfighting, ETA, ) (Bosrock 2006: 20) What To Wear According to Bosrock 2006 (397) â€Å"appearance is extremely important to Spaniards, and they will judge you on how you look. Wearing high-quality designer clothing and accessories will suggest professionalism and social standing. Spaniards dress well, and their casual attire is smart casual It is recommendable to be aware about the Spanish tortura de la galanteria when loud comments are made about someone appearance as walking by someone Spanish. This must be taken as something simply complimentary (Graff 2009:152). Business Dealings With Spaniards Graff stances that ‘most foreigners say that they find doing business with Spaniards â€Å"straightforward† generally speaking. The ‘problems seem to arise from the Spaniards wish to enjoy what he happens to be doing at any particular moment with the frequent result that he will completely forget an appointment made a few days ago in order to pursue the business being discussed with the client sitting in front of him. One of the chief complaints voiced by many foreigners id ‘unpunctuality and, as this aspect of Spanish existence is much in evidence in all the spheres; you will need to learn how to deal with: Sudden change of plan Being stood up with no excuses whatsoever offered Business meetings dragging on with the result that you too, will be late for your next appointment (Graff 2006: 153). Spanish Corporate Culture (Bosrock 2006:400) Structure: conflict and stress exist in business between the old bureaucratic, authoritarian management style that managers over age fifty use and the new, more participative management style that younger managers use. The boss asserts authority and solve problems but in the real organizational structure that is social, people on the third or fourth level may have more actual power then those at the top. While subordinates accept criticism from the boss, theyre likely to resent criticism from colleague or outsiders. When reprimanded, a person often wont admit fault. Communication (Bosrock 2006:400) large companies conduct business in English and Spanis, but Spanish usually predominates. Check ahead to see whether youll need an interpreter. Spaniards may hesitate to express disagreement to your face; they believe that open disagreement is disrespectful, instead, they will discuss their disagreement with others, who will eventually pass it on to you. (Smiles dont always mean you have done well) Be Aware Spaniards are very proud people. Dont mistake their self-relaince and sense of worth as intolerance. Never embarrass anyone. Expect delays and procrastination. Spanish bureaucracy menas odd office hours, plenty of paperwork, seemingly random rules and regulations, and unhelpful staff. Spaniards dismissal of rules and regulations produces a constant crisis atmosphere Spaniards loyalty lies with people, not institutions. Especially For Women Spanish society is aggressively pursuing equality between the sexes. Nevertheless, machismo persist. Few working women are on the fast track; female lawyers and doctors are extremely rare. In addition, society expect even working women to be the primary caretakers of the family and home. progress for professional women has been slow, but educationally qualified women are gradually gaining acceptance in the business community. While Spaniards accept foreign businesswomen, its important that women immediately establish credentials and ability. Spanish men are charming. Be especially careful of making eye contact with Spanish man, whi may interpret your gaze as flirting. Although its rare to whistle at women, staring is common and acceptable. If someone stares at you, just ignore it. For dinner, dont dine alone in restaurants or bars. Its acceoptable for a foreign woman to invite a Spanish man to a business dinner, but she may have trouble paying for the meal. Spanish men expect to pay. If you want to pay, arrange payment with the wait staff beforehand. Working Hours Dati Popolazione Lanzarotegna Da Wikipedia that a company should understand before initiate any negotiation. Bases Of Negotiation In An International Business In markets such as China and Taiwan, companies such as KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken), McDonalds and other fast food entities dramatically changed eating habits, especially of the younger generation. The example of KFC in India illustrates the difficulties that companies may have entering culturally complex markets. Even though the company opened its outlets in two of the Indias most cosmopolitan cities (Bangalore and New Delhi), it found itself the target of protests by a wide range of opponents. KFC could have alleviated or eliminated some of the anti-Western passions by tailoring its activities to the local conditions. First, rather than opting for more direct control, KFC should have allied itself with local partners for advice and support. Second, KFC should have tried to appear more Indian rather than using high-profile advertising with Western ideas. Indians are ambivalent toward foreign cultures and its ideas may not always work well there. Finally, KFC should have planned for competition, which came from small restaurants with political clout at the local level. (Czinkota et all 2009: 56) Main Issues About International Relationships In Lanzarote On May 2009, the only English magazine on Lanzarote island, The Gazette, carried out a research about customer services quality on the island. It found out the quality level was very low due to the attitude of certain shop assistants and their unwillingness to assist customers and solve their problems. One factor that The Gazette suggested to take into account was the cultural divide. It took as example the fact that the Spanish do not say â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you† as much as the British do. As explained in the article titled â€Å"Service not included!†, in Britain it is common to sat these words around four or five times during the most simple transaction in a shop. As a result, what is normal in Lanzarote may seem brusque to a visitor on the island. (The Gazette 2009) Products are not just products: they become what they are as the result of their integration into particular context. For example, MD Food, a Danish producer of dairy products, marketed Havarti cheese in Spain that was physically the same marketed in Denmark. However, it did not think about the different uses and criteria of evaluation of the two different countries. While the cheese in Denmark may be eaten on black bread accompanied by milk, the souths European eat it on white bread and take it with wine. (Maureen, G. 2005) For this reason, it is highly recommended to carry out a research based on the probable use the consumer may do of a product. How To Do Business Across Culture Mention Artic spa (book about how an Artic spa should be sold) First thing to ask yourself: â€Å"Are my actions considerate and respectful?† (Bosrock 2006: 5). According to the article â€Å"Going native† published on The Gazette on April 2009, English people living on the island should â€Å"go native† and live day at the Spanish way in order to fully integrate with the local culture. The article suggest to firstly start the day with a traditional Lanzarotes breakfast, dress like local, and not like tourists, have fun like local and get ones self attitude right. (The Gazette: April 2009) How can a company explain and predict the behavior of people in a specific country ? From the management perspective, first at all, managers must ensure smooth interaction of the business with its different constituents and must assist others to implement programmes within and across markets. (Czinkota et al 2009: 73) The international managers task is to distinguish relevant cross-cultural and intra-cultural differences and then to isolate potential opportunities and problems. A good example is the Indian subculture in Britain McDonalds in Europe is an excellent example of how an organization has used an appreciation of culture as a competitive business advantage. When McDonalds restaurants first approaches France did have hard work. French activists attempt to destroy a McDonalds restaurant under construction. The French are a nation for whom good food and quality dining are cultural icons akin to the Eiffel Tower. Yet somehow McDonalds is thriving in France, with revenues second only to those in the United Estates . The company has about 950 restaurants in France, and in 2006 its sales in France grew by 8 percent, which is a pretty good growth for a county that treasures fine dining (Solomon and Schell, 2006)p.7 While maintaining a global brand, it has adapted it to be respectful of local tastes and values. Some of the restaurants have leather upholstery, and some have fireplaces and candles.( Solomon and Schell, 2006) it also developed relationship with local suppliers. McDonalds is thriving in Europe b ecause it gets the culture right. According to Maureen G, (2005) cultural differences are known to affect peoples purchasing behavior. For example, Scandinavian countries have much faster take-off rates for adopting new technical products such as DVD recorders or third generation mobile phones, than those of the big European economies such as Germany and Britain. For these reason technical products companies as Nokia could find Scandinavian countries a good place to test new products. One way is to employ foreign people of the same foreign country the company wants to expand in. in this way the company itself could use these international employees as example of what the new customers will be and in this way find out how they could approach the companys new product (before launching it on the market) Another way could be to organize long-term â€Å"holiday† abroad for some of the employees. In this way these employees will learn how the new potential customers behave and what they would really aspect from a product. In these period it could be possible to test and make changes to the product. (Maureen 2005: †¦) Bosrock suggests to approach international travels with the same attitude and behaviour used when attending a party in ones bosss home. the invited person would be sensitive, would dress appropriately and bring a suitable gift (Bosrock 2006: 4). To achieve success in international business negotiation it is imperative to show respect and consideration to others but to do this it is firstly necessary to learn about those people and their cultural features. The best method to learn is to observe, ask, listen and mainly try and make errors. (Bosrock 2006: 5) The Ten Things To Do Before Visiting A Host Country 1. Recognize and respect uniqueness. 2. Need basic knowledge of each countrys culture and history will greatly benefit you 3. Build relationships. 4. Never compare countries to one another or to your country. 5. Never judge another countrys political or social system. 6. Be patient. Business may be very different from your countrys. 7. Be flexible. adapt to the environment. Dont pretend others to adapt to your style. 8. Always be sincere. 9. Ask, look and listen. 10. Assume the best about people and their actions. Most behaviour is rational once we understand its rational. (Bosrock 2006: 6) Sources Of Cultural Knowledge Books, Movies, Exchanges, The concept of cultural knowledge is broad and multifaceted. Cultural knowledge can be defined by the way it is acquired. Objective and factual information is obtained from others through communication, research and education. Experiential knowledge, on the other hand, can be acquired only by being involved in a culture other than ones own. The more a manager becomes involved in the international arena, the more he or she is able to develop a meta-knowledge; that is, ground rules that apply whether in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, or Asuncià ³n, Paraguay. Market-specific knowledge does not necessarily travel well; the general variables on which the information is based to. (Czinkota et all 2009: 73) In a survey of managers on how to acquire international expertise, they ranked eight factors in terms of their importance (see appendix 1). The managers emphasized the experiential acquisition of knowledge. Written materials played an important but supplementary role, very often providing general or county-specific information before operational decisions were made. Interestingly, many of todays international managers have pre-career experience in government, the Peace Corps, the armed force or voluntary work. Although the survey emphasized travel, a one-time trip to New York with a stay at a very large hotel and scheduled sightseeing tours does not significantly contribute to cultural knowledge. Travel that involves meetings with company personnel, intermediaries, facilitating agents, customers and government officials, on the other hand, does contribute. HOWEVER, FROM THE CORPORATE POINT OF VIEW, GLOBAL CAPABILITY IS DEVELOPED IN MORE OAINSTAKING WAYS: FOREIGN ASSIGNMENTS, NETWORKI NG ACROSS BORDERS AND THE USE OF MULTi-country, multicultural teams to develop strategies and programs. At Nestlà ©, for example, managers move around a region (such as Asia or Latin America) at four- or five-year intervals and may serve stints at headquarters for two to three years between such assignments. Such broad experience allows managers to pick up ideas and tools to be used in markets where they have not been used or where they have not been necessary before. In Thailand, where supermarkets are revolutionizing consumer-goods marketing technique perfected elsewhere in the Nestlà © system are being put to effective use. The experience the, in turn, are used to develop newly emerging markets in the same region, such as Vietnam. (Czinkota et all 2009: 73) Other oversights may lead to more costly mistakes. for example, Brazilians are several inches shorter than the average Americans, but this was not taken into account when the US store Sears erected American-height shelves that block Brazilian shoppers view of the rest of the store. (Czinkota et all 2009: ) International business success requires not only comprehensive fact finding and preparation but also an ability to understand and fully appreciate the nuances of different cultural traits and patterns. Gaining this interpretative cultural knowledge requires ‘getting ones feet wet over a sufficient length of time. Over the long run, culture can become a factor in the firms overall success. (Czinkota et all 2009: 75) Research has shown that the take-off point for new products (i.e., when initial sales turn into mass-market slaes) is six years, on average, in Europe. However, in northern Europe new products take off almost twice as fast as they do in southern Europe. (when will it fly? The Economist , 9 August 2003, 51) It is important to position the product as a continuous innovation that does not require radical changes in consumption pattern. (Steenkamp and Hofstede, 1999) Since the United States higly regards individualism, promotional appeals should be relevenat to individual empowerement. also messages should be informal and friendly. In opposite situations, marketing communications have to emphasize thet the new product is socially accepted. However, if the product is imported it can sometimes utilize global or foreign cultural positioning. For example in China, individualism is often used for imported products but almost never for domestic ones. (Czinkota et all 2009: 77) Understanding the implications of the dimensions helps businesspeople prepare for international business encounter. For example, in negotiating in Germany one can expect a counterpart whi is through, systematic, very well prepared, but also rather dogmatic and therefore less flexible and willing to compromise. Efficiency is emphasized. In Mexico, however, the counterpart may prefer to address problems on a person and private basis rather than on a business level. This means more emphasis on socializing and conveying ones humanity, sincerity, loyalty and friendship. Also, differences in the pace and business practices of a region have to be accepted. (Czinkota et all 2009: 77) Adjusting to differences requires putting ones own cultural values aside. The following analytical approach is recommended to reduce the influence of cultural bias: 1. define the problem or goal in terms of the domestic cultural traits, habits and norms. 2. Define the problem or goal in terms of the foreign cultural traits, habits and norms. Make no value judgements. 3. Isolate the self-reference criterion influence in the problem and examine it carefully to see how it complicates the problem. 4. Redefine the problem without the self-reference criterion influence and solve for the optimum-goal situation. This approach can be applied to product introduction. If Kellogs Co. Wants to introduce breakfast cereals into markets where breakfast is traditionally not eaten or where consumers drink very little milk, managers must consider very carefully how to instill the new habit. In France, Kelloggs commercials are aimed as muchat providing nutrition lessons as they are at promoting the product. In Brazil, the company advertised on a soap opera to gain entry into the market because Brazilians often emulate the characters of these television shows. ( Czinkota et al 2009: 78) The increase in the overall international activity of firms has increased the need for cultural sensitivity training at all levels of the organization. Further, todays training must encompass not only outsiders to the firm but also interaction within the corporate family as well. However inconsequential the degree of interaction may seem, it can still cause problems if proper understanding is lacking. Consider, for example, the date written as follow: 11/12/04. A European will interpretate this as the 11th of December; an American as November the 12th. Some companies try to avoid the training problem by hiring only nationals or well-travelled individuals for theit international operations. This makes sense for the management of overseas operations but will not solve the training need, especially if transfers to a culture unfamiliar to the manager are likely. International experience may not necessarily transfer from one market to another. The foster cultural sensitivity and acceptanc e of new ways of doing things within the organization, management must institute internal education programmes. The programmes may include: 1. Culture-specific information (data covering other countries, such as video pack and culture grams); 2. General cultural information (values, practices and assumptions of countries other than ones own)and 3. Self-specific information (identifying ones own cultural paradigm, including values, assumptions and perceptions about others). One study found that Japanese employees assigned to the United States get mainly language training as preparation for the task. In addition, many companies use mentoring, whereby an individual is assigned to someone who is experienced and who sends time advising and explaining. Talks given by return

A Tale Of Two Cities :: Free Essay Writer

A Tale Of Two Cities: I prefer the chapters set in France On reading ‘A Tale Of Two Cities’, my general impression is that the French chapters are a lot more interesting to read. I prefer the chapters set in France because they are much more exciting and I am carried away by the novel whereas I found, that in the English chapters, they were all about Lucie and her undying love for her father and husband. This was, quite frankly, tedious and a waste of Dickens’ effort to put some sentiment into these chapters which are set in London, a long way from the action in Paris. However, Dickens does need to put some sentiment into his book(perhaps he showed a little too much)to give reasons for the characters’ actions. I much prefer Dickens when he manages to move you by the sad death of somebody such as Nancy in ‘Oliver Twist’ or indeed Sydney Carton in ‘A Tale of Two Cities.’ This particular sentence illustrates my point very well. â€Å"It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.† I felt much sadder when I read these words than Dickens’ paragraphs about angels. I think nowadays people are more inclined to pass over those sentiments and read on because, to us, they sound ridiculous and the symbolic nature of these words is lost. â€Å"Thus, the rustling of an Angel’s wings got blended with the other echoes, and they were not wholly of this earth, but had them in that breath of Heaven. Sighs of the winds that blew over the little garden tomb were mingled with them also, and both were audible to Lucie.† When the chapters set in France are read, they make me feel as though I am with the characters, in the midst of the revolution, thinking their thoughts, walking through the streets of Paris with them. I see the same people, who scare you with their dancing and howls. One such example is The Carmagnole, the Revolutionaries who dance through the streets wailing and screaming, thirsty for the blood of the aristocrats. â€Å"They danced to the popular Revolution song, keeping a ferocious time that was like the gnashing of teeth in unison. Men and women danced together, women danced together, men danced together, as hazard brought them together.